Jason ,
Nigel’s calc is correct and uses the id as per conventional practice .
You raise an interesting point though . The spacing of tubes has an important influence on effective heating area .
Too far apart and you waste potential heating area in that you could have more tubes in the same space .
Too close and water can’t circulate properly between tubes and both effective heating area is reduced and there is danger of burnout .
Some full size boiler designs use a simple rule based on 1/2 or 2/3 tube diameter water spaces between tubes .
Some of ‘LBSC”s boilers are awful as regards tube spacing – he always had as many as possible regardless of whether there was adequate spacing and on a few at least regardless of whether they would even fit in the boiler !
Regards ,
MikeW