Welcome to the forum!
From the description and the date, this is the old style horseshoe shaped clutch made out of cast iron, located inside the top multi step pulley under the drive cover.
Unfortunately I rather think you've boxed yourself into a corner with this one. Best I can come up with is to observe that the clutch has slipped under the start-up load, otherwise the adjusting screw hole would still be lined up below the screwed bung hole. If I've interpreted this correctly it means that the clutch is not rock solid.
Let's see if we can reverse the symptoms and recover the original situation by slackening the belts taking the drive down to the spindle, then grab hold of the countershaft motor pulley and the multistep pulley and see if brute force will prevail. I'd try turning the multistep pulley backwards to see if the clutch will allow a little bit of movement.
Bit crude, but it's the best I can offer so far.
I've been trying to import a pdf from the service manual with an exploded view of the offending bits, but I haven't succeeded.
HTH Simon