I've seen similar on TV.
The part you have is roughly equivalent to the electric motor in a modern appliance and it could have been applied to a lot of hand tools. Their example drove an apple-peeling and coring machine. Late 19th/early 20th century.
Yours might have driven a Coffee Grinder, Potato masher, Knife grinder/polisher, Meat Mincer, Butter churn, Whisk, Pitter, Shredder, Mortar, or even an Ice-cream maker! The size of it suggests a small business or farm rather than an ordinary kitchen. Does the wheel have a handle? If not it was probably driven by a treadle, now missing.
Dave