It has been warned MANY times, not to engage back gear, with the pulley still locked to the spendle, so that a stuck chuck can be removed. Effectively, the spindle is in two different gear ratios, so will lockup.
The advice is also given, NEVER to wind the chuck on, under power; to prevent this problem.
Gear damage IS likely (A friend regularly used to do this, on his Myford, and broke a tooth off the gears almost every time!)
Putting a piece of wood, or bar across the jaws, with the spindle in the normal run position, and giving the end ot the wood /bar a whack with a mallet b/ hammer, one or more times, usually frees off the chuck.
Alternatively, grip a piece of hexagon bar in the jaws, fit a correctly sized socket, and give the end of a power bar a whack.
The inertia of the spindle, with the belts tightened, should allow the chuck to free off.
Howard