R8 with an M12 x 1.75 thread is not R8, maybe it needs a new designation such as R8M to show this and avoid disappointment when things don’t fit the way you expect.
Regarding the drill chuck, does it go into the spindle? If not there may be some corrosion/debris in the spindle that is interfering with the fit of a new R8 arbor. The other thing is that there is possibly a problem with a pin in the spindle socket that is stopping the new R8 arbor from going in, I have had to get a small file and deburr the slot on some R8 collets to get them to fit and also to remove scale from the bottom of the slot, left over from heat treatment I believe.
If the problem is that the drawbar will not fit then the issues mentioned above may be coming into play. Try and measure the drawbar thread to see if it is a standard 7/16 x 20 UNF or some metric alternative that does not fit a standard R8 item of tooling.
Martin C