It looks a bit similar to the cross feed clutch on a South Bend 9" or one of its clones, Boxford, Hercus etc. so you may be able to copy their set up. AFAIK the Hercus clone just uses a cast iron knob with taper like you have made in brass. Perhaps cast iron or even steel is a bit less "grippy" than brass? Other South Bends seem to have a pair of split tapered "shoes" that the knob and its threaded shaft expand into the surrounding taper. They appear to be cast iron or maybe steel. And I think they have some kind if spring pushing the tapers apart when the knob is unscrewed.
One of our Boxford owners should be able to tell us what their cross slide clutch cone is made of.
I think they are sensitive to what oil is used in the apron too. Something like ISO32 hydraulic oil would be the norm.
Also, it looks like the female taper in your gear could use a bit of a clean up, although pics often make such things look worse than they really are.
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