Hi Thor,
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What do you mean with: "headstock spindle which keeps on working loose". Is it the chuck that is coming loose or is it the bearing preload? A photo might be helpful.
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It is the bearing preload. The rear of the spindle is threaded and there is a spindle lock nut held in place by a flanged washer. This, in turn, pushes up against a disk directly to tighten the spindle (I wish there were a washer between them!). The metal disc itself is quite a loose fit inside the bearing cover plate. When it is loose, the spindle is very loose with both lateral and axial play.


But here's the problem: if I tighten the lock nut up enough to remove axial play, then the lateral play remains. I can see and hear the movement when I wiggle the chuck end.
But if I tighten the lock nut enough to remove both the axial and lateral play, then it is VERY tight. The machine turns but eventually the pressure of the locknut on the spindle disc grinds away the metal on the disk. In the picture the screwdriver points to the raised edge where the wear has taken place. Once the metal has worn away, the spindle is loose again and the process starts all over. At first, in my inexperience, I thought "gee this is a really poor design, but heck, I guess it must be normal".

it's a new lathe, so I don't suspect the bearings. I haven't removed the spindle or the bearings but I've peeked under the bearing covers and there isn't anything really obvious to see there. As far as I can tell, the bearings are ok (??).
So obviously, this is bad, bad, bad!!! As a temporary fix, I've put a rubber washer around the metal disk to improve the fit. This reduces the lateral play of the metal disk and this reduces the lateral play on the spindle substantially. Thus, I only have to tighten the lock nut to remove the axial play and hopefully not put too much pressure on the metal disk.
All thoughts welcome. I'm curious how others have gotten past this really hmm… nasty … design.
(Sorry about the wobbly photos: I was using my phone camera and it was a bit dark.)
best